Catastrophic Model of Martian Geology III - YouTube

Catastrophic Model of Martian Geology III - YouTube

This video is the third part of a catastrophic model of Martian geology. This part describes new support for this theory of the geology of Mars.  The Catastrophic Model of Martian Geology has as a main point that most of the impacts and volcanic activity on Mars occurred as part of a single massive global catastrophe resulting in a large amount of  dust and volcanic ash would have been thrown into the Martian atmosphere. resulting in a large increase in atmospheric pressure. A recent sudy has now found evidence that the Martian atmospheric pressure was 20 time its curren value in the past this is full consitent with Catastrophic Model of Martian Geology

Meridiani Planum Mars’ Largest Water Spill

Opportunity landed in the Meridiani Planum region of Mars to be greeted by a sight that was strange even by Mars’ standards. Studdying it from both a local and global perspective clearly shows an area of catastrophic flooding and not the long standing sea proposed by JPL. Meridiani Planum forms a clear splatter large zone across the surface of Mars. The rocks there show clear evidence of being exposed to and eroded by concentrated sulfuric acid making the environment more like that of a car battery than an habitable sea. This shows that Martian geology has a largely catastrophic make up and not a uniformitarian one as seen Part one: Catastrophic Martian Geology

Catastrophic Geology on Mars

As amazing a place Mars as is the uniformitarian claims of form JPL on Martian geology are shown wrong because evidence show that it has a clearly catastrophic nature. Mars’ largest impact basin called Hellas is on the opposite of Mars from the Tharsis plateau with its massive volcanoes. In fact the center of Hellas is exactly opposite Alba Patera’s caldera, Alba Patera has the largest diameter of all of  Mar’s volcanoes  this implies that the Hellas impact triggered the formation of not only Alba Patera but the other Tharsis volcanoes as well, The ash from their eruptions ultimately forming the Tharsis plateau,

Another smaller impact basin called Argyre seems to have been responsible for ripping open Valles Marineris.  In fact the dominant distribution of craters on Mars suggests that they came largely from the same direction suggesting a short period nearly unidirectional  bombardment rather than a longer period of occasional random impacts.

This shows that Martian geology has a largely catastrophic make up and not a uniformitarian one.

The Universe

Genesis 1: 14-19

14. And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:

15 And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.

16 And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.

17 And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,

18 And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.

Commentary

The greater light mentioned here is clearly the sun and lesser light is clearly the moon. Further more based on ancient usage, the word star would include planets as well. These verses cover the enter universe beyond Earth and verse 19 places the time span a one Earth day.  Further more according to the rest of the Bible these events took place less the 10,000 years ago.

 This presents two difficulties: solar heat reaching the surface of the Sun, and seeing distant starlight.

According to the Standard Solar Model heat from fusion at the sun’s core take millions of years to work its way to the surface. There are to two solutions to difficulty.

1. If the sun was created, then the surface could have been created hot with the core serving only to maintain that heat.
2. Some data from Helioseismology; the study of solar vibrations; has suggested a convection solar model that not only get heat to the surface in days, but suggests an age for the Sun of 6,000-13,000 years.

The solution to the difficulty of seeing distant starlight, involve Relativity’s ability to slow time. There are two viable creation cosmologies that use relativistic mechanics in a bound Universe (one with a center and an edge) to produce sufficient time dilation on Earth. One was developed by Dr. Russell Humphreys and is called the White hole cosmology. The second developed by Dr. John G. Hartnett uses Cosmological relativity

The Firmament

Genesis 1:6-8

6. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.

7. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.

8. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.

The word translated as “firmament” here is the Hebrew word raqiya`. Raqiya` basically means an expanse. It is derived from the word rä·kah' which means to beat, spread or stretch. The English word “expanse” means a large space or area but can also mean an expansion. As a result these verses seem to be referring to a large space with the implication of this space having been stretched out thus fitting Relativity’s depiction space perfectly.

The waters that are below this expanse are clearly a reference to the water on the Earth’s surface. The water above is a little harder to identify. The Hebrew word translated above is `al which can mean above, but also together with. As a result while this could refer to water above or beyond the observable universe, it could also refer to water that is within the expanse of space, and water has been observed in space much of it in comets.

Once again we have the term “evening and the morning” denoting this second day as an ordinary Earth day.  

The Primeval Earth

Genesis 1:2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

This verse not only shows that the Earth was incomplete, empty and covered by a global ocean. It has been theorized that the Earth was actually a sphere entirely of water. In any case everything was dark and God was there ready to for the next step.

The Light of Creation

Genesis 1:3-5

3. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

4. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.

5. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.

This light mentioned above could not have come from the sun because the sun did not yet exist. There are several observations to make about this light. The first is that this light had no source but was created in space by God. This light came from every direction in space as indicated by the need to separate out darkness to make night. This could have been accomplished by use of a dark cloud to block light on one side.

Astronomers have observed this type of light. A light coming from every direction without any observable source, in the form of the Cosmic Background Radiation. (CBR) While this is microwave radiation and not visible light, an expansion factor for the universe of 3300 (from 4.1 million to 13.5 billion Light Years) would convert the visible light to microwaves. This is a much smaller expansion than required by the Big Bang model so it is quit possible.

Note the phrase in verse 5, “The evening and the morning were the first day”. This clearly shows that the days of Creation were normal Earth days.

In the beginning

Genesis 1:1

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

This is the first verse of the Bible, it is important to note that God is assumed to exist and he is designated as the first cause from which all affects come. Mentioned in this verse are the three main components of the universe space (the heaven), mater (the Earth), and time (the beginning).

In physics, relativity theory shows that space, matter (energy) and time are interrelated parts of the universe such they can not exist separately. It also shows that time is an integral property of the universe that can have a beginning. Furthermore the beginning of time must coincide with the beginning of space and matter and Genesis 1:1 is consistent with this.

Cosmology the Science of the Universe

Cosmology is the scientific discipline dealing with the origin, structure, and relationships of the universe. A cosmology is any theory or doctrine that describes the natural order of the universe.

Every civilization has had a cosmology going as far back as is known. These cosmologies  have usually taken the form of a philosophically based mythology.  Now increased knowledge in Physics and Chemistry has resulted in a more scientific approach but philosophic assumptions still play a major role in Cosmology.

Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion of the Universe in 1929 by measuring the redshifts of distant galaxies. In 1998 it was discovered the expansion of the universe to be accelerating based on observations of type Ia supernovae.

Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR) is the thermal black body spectrum that is nearly uniform in every direction, It represents a temperature of 2.725 K in that it peaks in the microwave range a frequency of 160.2 GHz, with a wavelength of 1.9 mm. It was first observed in 1965 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. The CBR temperature fluctuations discovered by the WMAP data of the entire sky showed an average temperature is 2.725 Kelvin with tiny temperature fluctuations spanning about 0.0002 degrees Celsius.

The Big Bang Cosmology is the current establishment Cosmology. The model starts with all mater and space squeezed into an infinitesimal dot called a singularity. This infinitesimal dot suddenly underwent an extremely energetic expansion commonly described as an explosion. Over time the heat of this expansion cooled eventually forming galaxies, stars, planets and eventually us. CBR is seen as residual heat from the Big Bang red shifted by the expansion of t he universe. The Big Bang is based on three main purely philosophical assumptions. First there is absolute naturalism with no intelligents or purpose being allowed in the process. The universe is considered to be unbounded with no edge that is no point beyond which there is no mater. Finally there is the cosmological principle which states that the universe looks the same from every place. The goal is to deal with the fact that we seem to be at the center of the universe by making every place look like the center

There Other Naturalistic Cosmologies such as the steady state cosmology which has no beginning or end to the universe but requires a continual source of new matter. There is a new Cosmology called the plasma universe which depicts much of the phenomenon in universe as being electrical in nature. It is not yet fully developed.  

Creationist Cosmologies are based on three main purely philosophical assumptions. The first is God as the creative intelligents with purpose in the process. The universe viewed as bounded with an edge beyond which no mater is found. There is a center to the universe and the Earth is near it. Now this is not Geodetic because the universe does not rotate around the Earth Plugging these assumptions along with the observed expansion into relativity results in time dilation at the center where the Earth would have been producing a time line on Earth consistent with the Biblical account. CBR is seen as the light God created on day one red shifted by an expansion factor of about 3,300.

In conclusion Cosmology deals with the origin, structure, and relationships of the universe but is heavily dependent on philosophical assumptions since we only see the universe a one location that is the Earth. Evolutionary and Creationist Cosmologies are based on different assumptions producing different results for the same data.

Motion in Physics How it Moves

Motion is the change in an object’s location of with respect to time.

Strait line motion is the most basic form of motion involving strait ling notion with no force involved thus no acceleration and a constant velocity. Circular motion is motion around a central point it results from a force being applied to an object at a right angle to the objects motion such as gravity keeping a satellite in orbit is a good example.

Relativity theory shows that all motion is relative since it can only be measured relative to a given observer. These measurements are also reversible such that if I see someone moving a given direction at a given speed, he sees me going the opposite direction at the same speed.

Motion is describes the changing of location of an object. Motion can be both strait and curved. It can only be described relative to a chosen point of reference. Motion is how we get from place to place.

Quantization of Quantum Mechanics

Quantization is the situation where physical quantities such as position, energy and momentum can only have certain discrete values. In free empty space these values are continuous but if a particle is bound to an area of space these properties can only have certain discrete values. The energy contained in a given frequency of electromagnetic waves is quantized in that it always has the same value at the same frequency. The electromagnetic energy is found in discrete packet called photons.

The quantization of the energy of an electron inside an atom explains much of the behavior of atoms such as why atoms emit only discrete frequencies of light. An electron that is in a low orbit of an atom can absorb a photon causing the electron  to jump to a higher orbit. The electron then emits a photon jumping back to the lower orbit.

The quantization of space-time is based on two of Max Planck’ natural units that are based on five universal physical constants: Gravitational constant, Reduced Planck constant, Speed of light in a vacuum, Coulomb constant, and Boltzmann's constant  The two with physical significance are Planck Length and Planck Time are the smallest possible measurements of space-time according our current understanding of the laws of Physics because of the  uncertainty principle when a plied to these scales. This suggests that time and space themselves are Quantized.

Planck Length is the smallest measurement of length that has any meaning with in the laws of physics as we understand them today. The value of Planck Length is1.616 252 × 10⁻³⁵ m

Planck Time is the amount of time it takes a photon to cross a Planck Length. It is the smallest measurement of time that has any meaning with in the laws of physics as we understand them today. The value of Planck Time is 5.391 24 × 10⁻⁴⁴ s

Quantization requires physical quantities like position, energy and momentum to have discrete values explaining much of what goes on in side atom and based on our current understanding of the laws of physics it suggest that time and space are quantized.

Dimensions are Directions

Dimensions are directions that are mutually perpendicular to each other. The depiction of individual dimensions is as an axis lines that show the direction of that particular dimension.

Building dimensions begins with a point of zero dimensions. This point can be expanded into one dimension forming a line. The lined can then be expanded into two dimensions so as to form a plane. Finally the plain can be expanded into three dimensions forming a space. This process can continue indefinitely with no theoretical limit to the number of dimensions. In spite of our existence has only three spacial dimensions any number of dimensions is theoretically possible.

In physics dimensions have been classically used to refer to space however Spacial Relativity added time as a dimension. Cosmological Relativity adds cosmic expansion velocity as a dimension. String theory uses from 10 - 26 dimensions and its child M theory uses 11 dimensions. Mathematically there in no limit to the number of possible dimensions from zero to infinite dimensions. In fact N^th dimensional modeling is useful for dealing with any set of properties as if they were physical dimensions.

While dimensions are primarily used to describe space and time though some physical theories use more than three spacial dimensions specifically string theory. They can also be used to model the distribution of non spacial properties.

Space is Not Just Nothing

The three dimensional extent in which objects and events occur, with a relative position to other objects and events is called space. In a more general sense space can refer to an nth dimensional hyper-volume. 

Often illustrated by 3 lines representing the three dimensions of space the linese the axis of a 3d graph. In 3d space you can move in 3 directions forwards and backwards; up and down and left to right. General Relativity depicts space and time as a fabric that can be warped, bent, twisted, stretched and contracted. Quantum Mechanics describes subatomic particles coming and going even in a vacuum. Space is not empty, it is not nothing. Yes I know this is a double negative however empty space is normally thought of as nothing but it is something.

Basic SI unit – meter (m) which is the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second. The most common methods of measuring space are rulers but odometers are another common way of measuring distance and there by space. Other methods include bouncing light, radio waves, or sound off of an object using the return time to measure distance. These include radar and sonar. Parallax uses geometry to measure distance it is used in Astronomy and land surveying.

Distance and position must be measured according to some standard. The standard has to be a chosen point in space. The point is selected by ether convenience or convention with out such a starting point determining distance and position is impossible..

Space is one of the three main parts of the Universe space, time and mass. Relativity shows them to be inter-related with space and time are so interrelated that they form a single entity.  Intern mass warps space-time forming gravity and motion of mass contracts both space and time. Based on common experience space is basically where you are. You are at a particular point in space relative to other objects. Physics however has shown it to be a lot more. It is a fundamental part of the universe.

Astronomy.

The natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects and phenomena originating outside the Earth's atmosphere is called Astronomy.

Astronomy’s main activity is the observation of celestial objects measuring their properties such a mss, diameter, brightness and composition. Observations are usually made by way of some form of telescope. The types of telescopes used include visible light, radio, inferred, ultraviolet, X – ray, and gamma ray telescopes.

The telescope has produced a giant leap in astronomy allowing observations beyond the rage of the unaided eye. Since its introduction developments in telescope technology have opened up many new ways of looking at the Universe. Professional astronomy has often come to be seen as equivalent to astrophysics

The 20th century produced a division of astronomy into two main fields. Observational Astronomy is the acquiring of data from observations and analyzing that data using physics. Theoretical Astronomy is the development of computer models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.

Today Observational and Theoretical Astronomy complement each other. The theoretical Seeks to explain observations and observations used to test the theoretical. Amateur astronomers have also contributed to many important astronomical discoveries making astronomy one of the few sciences that amateurs can still play an active role.

Introduction to Physics

Physics is the study of energy, and matter and  the ways they interact. Physics not just formulas you may not understand. While physic is scientifically expressed by formulas, it is more than those formulas. It can take the form of practical experience. 

Physics is even found in sports. Baseball is a prime example of physics in sports, specifically ballistics. Pool is another example of physics in sports specifically collision physics.

The two main founders of physics are Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. These two men are the main ones responsible for establishing modern physics, there were others involved but they were the most significant.

Physics is central to all other physical sciences including Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Cosmology and Geology.  Physics has shown us much about the structure of matter, the nature of Energy and the nature of space and time. Physics has the potential to shown us how the universe works and the nature of reality itself.