Asteroid 2014 RC

At 2:18 p.m. on September 7 Asteroid 2014 RC will pass 25,000 miles from Earth  or about 10% of the distancebetwen the Earth and the Moon. Asteroid 2014 RC is just 60 feet across ans will not be visible to the unaided eye. It is no danger of an impact with the Earth but in Astronomy terms it is a near miss, Even  it did impact the explosion would only  be at about 90 kilotons of TNT or 4 times the size of the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki Japan.  

The Nebula Hypothesis claims that asteroids a remnant from formation of the solar system but the theory has problems with an inbalences of angular momentum. Further more thereare real planets both in the solar system and exoplanets that are not in orbits predicted by the Nebula Hypothesis. Alternative theories include an exploded or shattered planet between Mars and Jupiter. They could have originated from outside the solar system which from a creationist perspective could have been created on day four of the creation week with the rest of the universe. There is  also the idea that they formed from material ejected from Earth during the Genesis Flood.

 

Catastrophic Model of Martian Geology III - YouTube

Catastrophic Model of Martian Geology III - YouTube

This video is the third part of a catastrophic model of Martian geology. This part describes new support for this theory of the geology of Mars.  The Catastrophic Model of Martian Geology has as a main point that most of the impacts and volcanic activity on Mars occurred as part of a single massive global catastrophe resulting in a large amount of  dust and volcanic ash would have been thrown into the Martian atmosphere. resulting in a large increase in atmospheric pressure. A recent sudy has now found evidence that the Martian atmospheric pressure was 20 time its curren value in the past this is full consitent with Catastrophic Model of Martian Geology

Dusty Disc Found Around Nearby Star thought to smashed comets

Fomalhaut is a star twice as massivea as our Sun and 25 light years away. The IRAS infrared satellite had found evidence of that the star was surrounded by large amounts of dust about 30 years ago. Now ESA's Herschel Space Observatory now has produced a higher resolution image of the star and its dust disk. It shows the star to be surrounded by hot dust and gas, but also that it has has a dusty belt of material at the outer fringes of the star system. This belt is lacated over 100 times AU's from the star making it very cold, with a temperature of about -200 Celsius. Consisting of about water ice the Fomalhaut icy dust belt forms a narrow off-centre ring with respect to Fomalhaut suggesting the presence of planets orbiting close to it or as suggested by the 2004-2006 Hubble imaging of a planet orbiting on the edge of the ring.

Based the disk's affect on starlight the grains have been found to be as small grains a few thousandths of a millimeter across. Along with the Hubble image suggesting larger particles indicates fluffy dust grains consisting of small particles stuck loosely together forming the larger ones. However these fluffy grains should have been blown away by the light pressure from Fomalhaut. The explanation proposed by astronomers is that continuous collisions and disintegration of larger asteroid-sized comets re-supplies the small particles. The dificulty is that re-supplying the large amount of dust observed requires the destruction of 2,000 1km across comets every day. Maintaining that many collisions per day requires trillions of comets to be orbiting inside the ring.

The flaw in this conclusion is that there seems to be no indication of these trillions of comets in the data. The claim that this dust is the result of thousands of dally comet collisions is based on two assumptions.The first is the age if the star. If Fomalhaut is actually considerably younger then generally thought then this dust would not require re-supplying.The second assumption is that this dust is a result of the stars formation from a larger dust cloud. If this dust came from a planet breaking up or evaporating from internal heat; a model supported by the 2004-2006 Hubble image of Fomalhaut showing a planet on the edge of the ring..

Astronomers analysing this data started with these two assumptions and there fore did not consider the other options. The result is a need for a minimum of a thousand of dally collisions of unobserved comets. That come to about 42 collisions an hour or about one collision every 87 second. This is an amazingly high collision rate. Even if this theory is true is presents a problem for planet formation theory since it shows that larger peaces material in these dust clouds tend to get broken up as opposed to forming new planet.

Reference

Dusty Disc Found Around Nearby Star

Galactic Hyperclusters have been found that are to big for the Big Bang

According to the Big Bang Cosmology the Universe started out with matter vary smoothly spread through out space, with just small variations. It is thought that gravity amplified these small variations producing the galaxies and galaxy clusters seen to day. Because of the expansion of space it also predicts that such structures should not be more a few hundred million light years across.

However recently hyperclusters of galaxies have been discovered that are more than 3 billion light years across. This poses a problem for the Big Bang Cosmology which actually had already failed to predict the accelerating expansion of the universe now it’s blown this one. By the way these two are just the biggest Big Bang blunders but there are others.

This raises the question that since science is about testability and theories are test by the accuracy of their predictions, how many failed predictions will it take for the Big Bang to even be questioned. The answer with regards to the scientific establishment is that no amount of failed predictions will ever dethrone the Big Bang it has reached that status of untestability since will always be patched to fit reality not matter what ad hock invention it takes to do it.

Martian Atmosphere found to be Supersaturated with Water.

Mars Express an ESA probe that has been orbiting Mars for several years has measured the water content of the Martian atmosphere using it’s SPICAM spectrometer. IT found that it is above that of saturation a state called supersaturating. This is the first time this type of measurement has been made on a global scale. The result will help in prove our understanding of Mar’s weather.

This result is also consistent with a catastrophic model of Martian geology. If Mar’s atmosphere had temporarily been raised to allow surface water by dust from impacts and volcanic activity, when Martian atmospheric pressure dropped as this dust settled the resulting evaporation would supersaturated atmosphere. This state would continue because the low pressure makes rain impossible so the only way to reduce it is for the water to slowly bleed off into space.

This is consistent with a young catastrophic model of Mars that is consistent with the Biblical account.

Bacteria from Earth could Live on Mars

It turns out that bacterial found in an Oregon lava tube had been thriving in Mars-like conditions. Specifically what is meant by mars-like is low oxygen levels, near freezing temperatures, and a lack of organic food. The bacteria were living off of, the oxidation of iron in volcanic mineral olivine. Based on this it was easily concluded that these bacterial could survive on Mars and other planetary bodies.

Now this does increase the chances of finding life on Mars but it also increases the chances that that life would have originated on Earth not Mars. A further reason that any life found on Mars would have most likely originated on Earth is that the areas of Mars known to have had surface water in the past where actually lakes of sulfuric acid not habitable seas. These are three main ways Earth Bacteria could have reached Mars. They could have hitched a ride on Earth rocks ejected into space by impacts; they could have gotten there by riding dust particles and the most likely possibility it that they were carries there by are own probes. Questions have been raised as to how successfully various probes have been sterilized making contamination possible.

Given the Catastrophic nature of Martian Geology Mars would be a interesting place with or without life but before any declaration of life on Mars or any other planetary body in to solar system scientists better get a genetic sample because that life would have a good chance being from Earth.

Two enormous black holes Discovered.

Calling them suppermassive black holes would probably be considered insults because these monsters are truly massive. They dwarf the previous record of 6.3 billion times the mass of the sun. Both of these black holes are larger in dynamiter than the entire solar system and could easily swallow us whole. They were found at the centers of other galaxies by the Hubble Space Telescope.

The smaller on is located in the center of galaxy NGC 3842 in the consolation Leo at a distance of about 331 million light-years. It mass is that 9.7 billion Suns but compared to other one it is actually small.

The larger one and king of the suppermassive black holes is at the center of galaxy NGC 4889 in the Coma constellation and at a distance of 336 million light-years. This monster of a black hole has the mass of a whopping 21 billion Suns.

Discoveries like these are show that the universe sill has many mysteries hiding in the depths of space. It needs to be noted that suppermassive black holes like this are so large that planets and even stars could fall through the event horizon intact. It is amazing how powerful God’s creation is.

These black holes have the masses of small galaxies. They could not have formed from supernovae since it would require a star a mass of over 100 billion suns many orders of magnitudes larger than any possible star.  The only other naturalistic recourse is to assume they resulted from the collisions of smaller black holes, but it would take hundreds of millions of such collisions to form even one small suppermasive black hole when not even one black hole collision has ever been observed.

One creation model has God using these suppermasive black holes as the staring poits for building galaxies.

Meridiani Planum Mars’ Largest Water Spill

Opportunity landed in the Meridiani Planum region of Mars to be greeted by a sight that was strange even by Mars’ standards. Studdying it from both a local and global perspective clearly shows an area of catastrophic flooding and not the long standing sea proposed by JPL. Meridiani Planum forms a clear splatter large zone across the surface of Mars. The rocks there show clear evidence of being exposed to and eroded by concentrated sulfuric acid making the environment more like that of a car battery than an habitable sea. This shows that Martian geology has a largely catastrophic make up and not a uniformitarian one as seen Part one: Catastrophic Martian Geology

Catastrophic Geology on Mars

As amazing a place Mars as is the uniformitarian claims of form JPL on Martian geology are shown wrong because evidence show that it has a clearly catastrophic nature. Mars’ largest impact basin called Hellas is on the opposite of Mars from the Tharsis plateau with its massive volcanoes. In fact the center of Hellas is exactly opposite Alba Patera’s caldera, Alba Patera has the largest diameter of all of  Mar’s volcanoes  this implies that the Hellas impact triggered the formation of not only Alba Patera but the other Tharsis volcanoes as well, The ash from their eruptions ultimately forming the Tharsis plateau,

Another smaller impact basin called Argyre seems to have been responsible for ripping open Valles Marineris.  In fact the dominant distribution of craters on Mars suggests that they came largely from the same direction suggesting a short period nearly unidirectional  bombardment rather than a longer period of occasional random impacts.

This shows that Martian geology has a largely catastrophic make up and not a uniformitarian one.

Cosmology the Science of the Universe

Cosmology is the scientific discipline dealing with the origin, structure, and relationships of the universe. A cosmology is any theory or doctrine that describes the natural order of the universe.

Every civilization has had a cosmology going as far back as is known. These cosmologies  have usually taken the form of a philosophically based mythology.  Now increased knowledge in Physics and Chemistry has resulted in a more scientific approach but philosophic assumptions still play a major role in Cosmology.

Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion of the Universe in 1929 by measuring the redshifts of distant galaxies. In 1998 it was discovered the expansion of the universe to be accelerating based on observations of type Ia supernovae.

Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR) is the thermal black body spectrum that is nearly uniform in every direction, It represents a temperature of 2.725 K in that it peaks in the microwave range a frequency of 160.2 GHz, with a wavelength of 1.9 mm. It was first observed in 1965 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. The CBR temperature fluctuations discovered by the WMAP data of the entire sky showed an average temperature is 2.725 Kelvin with tiny temperature fluctuations spanning about 0.0002 degrees Celsius.

The Big Bang Cosmology is the current establishment Cosmology. The model starts with all mater and space squeezed into an infinitesimal dot called a singularity. This infinitesimal dot suddenly underwent an extremely energetic expansion commonly described as an explosion. Over time the heat of this expansion cooled eventually forming galaxies, stars, planets and eventually us. CBR is seen as residual heat from the Big Bang red shifted by the expansion of t he universe. The Big Bang is based on three main purely philosophical assumptions. First there is absolute naturalism with no intelligents or purpose being allowed in the process. The universe is considered to be unbounded with no edge that is no point beyond which there is no mater. Finally there is the cosmological principle which states that the universe looks the same from every place. The goal is to deal with the fact that we seem to be at the center of the universe by making every place look like the center

There Other Naturalistic Cosmologies such as the steady state cosmology which has no beginning or end to the universe but requires a continual source of new matter. There is a new Cosmology called the plasma universe which depicts much of the phenomenon in universe as being electrical in nature. It is not yet fully developed.  

Creationist Cosmologies are based on three main purely philosophical assumptions. The first is God as the creative intelligents with purpose in the process. The universe viewed as bounded with an edge beyond which no mater is found. There is a center to the universe and the Earth is near it. Now this is not Geodetic because the universe does not rotate around the Earth Plugging these assumptions along with the observed expansion into relativity results in time dilation at the center where the Earth would have been producing a time line on Earth consistent with the Biblical account. CBR is seen as the light God created on day one red shifted by an expansion factor of about 3,300.

In conclusion Cosmology deals with the origin, structure, and relationships of the universe but is heavily dependent on philosophical assumptions since we only see the universe a one location that is the Earth. Evolutionary and Creationist Cosmologies are based on different assumptions producing different results for the same data.

Astronomy.

The natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects and phenomena originating outside the Earth's atmosphere is called Astronomy.

Astronomy’s main activity is the observation of celestial objects measuring their properties such a mss, diameter, brightness and composition. Observations are usually made by way of some form of telescope. The types of telescopes used include visible light, radio, inferred, ultraviolet, X – ray, and gamma ray telescopes.

The telescope has produced a giant leap in astronomy allowing observations beyond the rage of the unaided eye. Since its introduction developments in telescope technology have opened up many new ways of looking at the Universe. Professional astronomy has often come to be seen as equivalent to astrophysics

The 20th century produced a division of astronomy into two main fields. Observational Astronomy is the acquiring of data from observations and analyzing that data using physics. Theoretical Astronomy is the development of computer models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.

Today Observational and Theoretical Astronomy complement each other. The theoretical Seeks to explain observations and observations used to test the theoretical. Amateur astronomers have also contributed to many important astronomical discoveries making astronomy one of the few sciences that amateurs can still play an active role.