Particle physics

Particle physics

 

Particle Physics is the branch of that describes the properties and interactions of subatomic particles. The generally accepted model in particle physics is known as the Standard Model. While the Standard Model has been quit successful it does not quite describe everything.

 

 



 

The Standard Model was developed by scientists from all over the world in the mid 20th century. The model has a total of 30 fundamental particles including 17 particles and 13 anti-particles for. These particles make up all of the observable matter of the universe but only 3 of them make up most of that matter. All fundamental particles are one of two types: fermions and bosons and the Fermions are further subdivided into quarks and leptons. This the basic concept in particle physics.

 

All particles except some Bosons have a corresponding ant-particle that usually has the opposite charge and spin of the other particle. The anti-particles of the particles that make up ordinary matter are known collectively as anti-matter because. Anti-atoms and anti-molecules are made of antiprotons, antineutrons, and positrons (ant-electrons).  When antimatter and ordinary matter meat they annihilate each other with 100% mass to energy conversion.

Particle physics does not tells  us about the conditions that would have existed in the early stages of the Big Bang if it did occur. Because of this particle physics actually causes a major problem for the Big Bang cosmology. It turns out that all of the observable Universe is made of ordinary matter, with antimatter being nearly totally absent however the Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter but we see no evidence of the antimatter.

In particle physics the production of a particle of matter from vacuum energy it also produces the equivalent particle of antimatter. This is what would have occurred in the Big Bang since all that would have exited is vacuum energy.

 The first proposed explanation id based on the fact that an object made of antimatter would look the same as one made of matter it has been proposed that distant parts of the universe could be composed of antimatter and it would look the same. However there are two major problems with this idea.

When matter and anti-matter meet they annihilate each other in a burst of radiation. Since such annihilation would be continually occurring where regions of matter and antimatter meet and the resulting radiation should be detectable but it has never been observed. In addition because the fundamental particles of ordinary matter are charged and the equivalent antimatter particles have the opposite charge once produced matter – antimatter particle pairs would be attracted to each other where they would be annihilated. Preventing this from happening requires an unknown field that would pull mater and antimatter apart, other wise they would form a homogeneous mixture of matter and antimatter.

Immediately after the Big Bang there would be a massive amount of production and annihilation of matter and antimatter. Once the expanding universe cooled below the point where production would stop but the annihilation would continue. This process would continue until there was nothing left or that which was left was too thinly spread out to interact and such conditions could not produce the universe we live in.

Proponents of the Big Bang cosmology understand the problem and have proposed three possible ways around the problem.

1. That antimatter particles decay faster the their matter counterparts.
2. Some how there was an over production of matter over antimatter.
3. Some antimatter particles turned into matter particles.

The claim that antimatter particles decay faster than their matter counterparts is contrary to evidence since in all known cases particles and their anti particles have the same mean lifetime. Furthermore even if the particles that make up normal matter like protons and electrons decay at all their mean lifetime is so long that this idea could probably never be tested.

The claim that some how there was an over production of matter over antimatter is also contrary to evidence since in all known cases matter and antimatter particles are produced together.

The claim that some antimatter particles turned into matter particles is totally contrary to evidence. The closest to this that has been observed are neutrinos becoming different types of neutrinos but not anti neutrinos.

All of the proposed solutions to this problem with the Big Bang are totally speculative and not one is based on observable fact. Perhaps the best solution is that the Big Bang is not how the Universe really began.



Atomic physics overview

Looking into Atomic physics

 

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an atomic nucleus and a system of electrons. While atomic physics  meanly deals with the way electrons are arranged around the atomic nucleus and how those arrangements change change. It also includes a atoms energy states, how it interacts with outside particles and electromagnetic fields.

Atomic physics basically treats the nucleus as a black box because it does not deal with what goes on inside the nucleus, that is nuclear physics. The most amazing and surprizing result from atomic physics in recent years is the actual imaging of electron orbitals by way of field-emission electron microscopy. It had previously been thought that they could never actually be seen.

Looking at Condensed matter physics

Condensed Matter Physics

Condensed matter physics deals with the physical properties of condensed phases of matter such as liquids and solids. It tries to understand how condensed phases of matter behave by using known physical laws.

 Liquids and solids are the most commonly known types of condensed matter and while there are other types they tend to be some form of liquid or solid. The point is that many of these types of condensed matter are not exclusive and object can some some time exist in more than one of these state at the same time.

Condensed matter physics can basically be considered the physics of liquids and solids. It deals with the properties of different types of liquids and solids and the transitions between them.

Introduction to Classical Mechanics

 The Force of Classical Mechanics - YouTube

The branch of physics dealing with the behavior of physical objects when they are subjected to forces or displacements is called mechanics is . The field of mechanics that deals the physical laws that describe the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces at every day sizes and velocitiesis known as classical mechanics . These types of mechanics form the bases of physics.

The history of classical mechanics is ancient going back to least as ancient Greece and Greek philosophers such as Aristotle. In practice the principles of classical mechanics go back much further even though they were not yet formulated.  It became a full fledged empirical science with the work of Galileo and ing into the beginnings of physics as it is known today with the work of men shuch Isaac Newton.

Classical mechanics is limited by way of speed and size at which it applies. This is because when the size of an object union becomes extremely small quantum mechanics comes into play however macroscopic level quantum mechanics produces essentially the same results as classical mechanics. Also at speeds approaching the speed of light relativistic mechanics comes into play while at the speed experienced in every day life relativistic mechanics produces essentially the same results as classical mechanics. Furthermore at larger scales of size and distance celestial mechanics come into play however this is actually just an expansion of the principles of classical mechanics to larger scales.

The Double Slit Experiment and reality

The double slit experiment has its bases in the wave/particle duality of subatomic particles. What is so amazing about it is that over the years it has produced results that are among the strangest in quantum mechanics. It is the king of quantum weirdness being the strangest in science. These srainge results tell us alot about the nature. The original double silt experiment used photons of light, but later versions used electrons but the results are the same The double slit experiment is actually responsible for starting Quantum Physics.
Numerous explanations have been proposed to explain the results of what on the surface is a very simple experiment. However resent experiments involving quantum erasure seem to have reduced the possibilities to being the information that is collected making the difference.

What seem to be happening is the in general subatomic particles tend to exist as wave functions that represent multiple possibilities. When specific information is measured about an event those possibilities are reduced to one producing the needed information. A new wave function of multiple possibilities is then produced consistent with that one possibility.

Putting it all together suggests that what we call reality is actually immaterial at its most fundamental level. At its most fundamental level the universe seems to be composed entirely of information. This makes it more like a sophisticated computer program than a world of material objects.

It is more than just the existence of the information the affects the experiment but its ability of it to eventually be accessed by the experimenter. That experimenter is ultimately a human being that is a conscience entity. The information that makes up reality seems to be calculated as need for a conscience entity so as to produce a consistent reality.

This shows that consciousness is a fundamental part of reality. This is not new age thought but what the observation of subatomic particles is actually telling us. It is consistent with the Biblical view of God as creator since the universe would be a result of His consciousness. It is also consistent with the Biblical view of God creating the Universe out of nothing.

Introduction to Electromagnetism

Lighting Up Electromagnetism

The study of affects of electric charges both at rest and in motion is known as electromagnetism.  Electromagnetic theory is important to understanding nature since it is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and it is the main binding force of the atom outside the nucleus. .

 Charge is the property of subatomic particle that gives rise to electric fields. The charge of a particle can be negative, positive, or neutral. Charge is a fundamental property of matter. Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion resulting from the motion of electric charges. While the force lines associated with electric charges tend to be strait, magnetic force lines tend to be circular.

The branch of physics dealing with the electromagnetic forces between electric charges called electrodynamics . In its most basic form electrodynamics deals with the affect of charges in relative motion. The mutual production of electric and magnetic fields forms the bases of the unification of eclectic and magnetic fields. All else in electromagnetism extends from this starting principles.

For more videos visit the Genesis Science Mission YouTube Channel

Double Slit Experiment

One of the most famous experiments in physics is known as the double slit experiment it is also the most infamous. It involves shooting light or other subatomic particles likes electrons at a screen that has two slits in it. Warning things are about to get strange.

When a double slit experiment is perfumed using pure waves the result is an interference pattern. When pure particles like bullets are used they produce two lines behind the slits. But subatomic particles like photons and electrons don’t act like bullets they produce a wave like interference pattern, even when they are shot one at a time.  It seems that each of the particles goes through both slits at the same time.

To make things even stranger dose not stop there because when detectors are put in place to see which slit each particle actually goes through their behavior changes producing only the two lines like bullets would.

To make thing even stranger if the detectors are on but the data is not recorded the result is the wave like interference pattern. This suggests that it is the conscience act of observing that actually changes the result. 

Such a result is consistent with the Biblical view of God as creator. From a Biblical view point the universe would have resulted from God’s consciousness and so it should not be much of a surprise that we would find such a result.

Additional Reference

YouTube - Double Slit Experiment

Video on the Double Slit Experiment of Quantum Physics



Video on Faster Than Light Neutrinos

There’s a common mistake that this is a problem for relativity but it is not. Relativity forbids is accelerating up to and past the speed of light but does not for bid particles that naturally travel faster than the speed of light. Such particles have been speculated about for decades under name tachyons.

The only real difficulty is that neutrinos have a small but real rest mass and so should not be traveling faster than the speed of light. In that case the issue is most likely with our understanding of neutrinos and relativity.

Quantum Mechanics allows particles to skip part of space instantly and so could be clocked at faster than the speed of light while going sub-light through the space it actually goes through. This is the most likely explanation of this observation given calculations from India.  See Flaw Found in Claim of Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Looking at Statistical Entropy

Statistical Entropy is probability theory applied to entropy showing that it is a measurement a system’s disorder in. Based mainly on the probability of the positions of molecules it explains the tendency; seen in the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics; of entropy to increase. This tendency is because configurations with high entropy are more probable than configurations of low entropy.

The biggest problem with entropy is that it has a tendency to increase. This makes understanding how to decrease entropy is highly important. A common answer is adding energy to the system though that is all that is needed to decrease its entropy.  However this answer is overly simplistic since when energy is applied to a system the way it affects the system’s entropy depends on the way the energy is applied to the system. Consider the difference between construction work and a bomb. Construction work will decrease the entropy of a building under construction. One the other hand a bomb with the same amount of energy and on the same site will inevitably increase the site’s entropy.

This shows that the manner by which energy is applied to a system affects how that energy changes that system’s entropy. What is needed is a general principle that describes this difference and statistical entropy shows exactly how and when entropy can be decreased it shows how to produce order from disorder. Understanding this is critical to a proper study of origins.

Bacteria from Earth could Live on Mars

It turns out that bacterial found in an Oregon lava tube had been thriving in Mars-like conditions. Specifically what is meant by mars-like is low oxygen levels, near freezing temperatures, and a lack of organic food. The bacteria were living off of, the oxidation of iron in volcanic mineral olivine. Based on this it was easily concluded that these bacterial could survive on Mars and other planetary bodies.

Now this does increase the chances of finding life on Mars but it also increases the chances that that life would have originated on Earth not Mars. A further reason that any life found on Mars would have most likely originated on Earth is that the areas of Mars known to have had surface water in the past where actually lakes of sulfuric acid not habitable seas. These are three main ways Earth Bacteria could have reached Mars. They could have hitched a ride on Earth rocks ejected into space by impacts; they could have gotten there by riding dust particles and the most likely possibility it that they were carries there by are own probes. Questions have been raised as to how successfully various probes have been sterilized making contamination possible.

Given the Catastrophic nature of Martian Geology Mars would be a interesting place with or without life but before any declaration of life on Mars or any other planetary body in to solar system scientists better get a genetic sample because that life would have a good chance being from Earth.

Nebula Planetary Formation Theory Proven to be Unfalsifiable

The official theory of planetary formation has stars and their planetary system condensing out of a cloud of dust and gas.  Without modifications this theory predicts that other planetary systems should look something like our own. Not precisely like our own but the basic pattern should be the same with rocky planets near the star and gas giants further out. It should also produce nearly circular orbits, as opposed to highly elongated ones and the planets should all orbit in the same direction as the star’s rotation.

The problem is that planetary systems have now been discovered that violate all of these predictions. Not only has a few planets been found with highly elongated orbits but many Jupiter size planets have been found orbiting extremely close to their star. Even worst a quarter of these hot Jupiters have been found that orbit opposite the direction of their star’s rotation.

 The response to these repeated failed predictions has been to repeatedly patched the theory to account for the discrepancy so that the planets start where they are suppose and moved to the observed position. The latest example of this  is the of computer modeling to find a way for an unseen distant planetary body flip Jupiter size planets into reverse orbits.

The end result of all of this modification is that the nebula theory of planetary formation has been rendered unfalsifiable by the repeated patching. Being falsifiable is an important aspect of Science. The point is that instead of the usual scientific practice of abandoning theories that blow prediction after prediction, this one keeps being modified to explain away the prediction failures. It is getting to the point that no mater how contrary to the theory some new model will be created to get a planet from where the theory says it should be to where it is actually observed. The point is that by explaining away failed predictions makes a theory unfalsifiable and effectively unscientific.

Ultimately the reason for this is that the nebula theory of planetary formation the only naturalistic model left with that the only alternative explanation left being divine creation. The point is that the scientific establishment must protect this model at all costs and no discovery will be allowed bring it down.

In the beginning

Genesis 1:1

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

This is the first verse of the Bible, it is important to note that God is assumed to exist and he is designated as the first cause from which all affects come. Mentioned in this verse are the three main components of the universe space (the heaven), mater (the Earth), and time (the beginning).

In physics, relativity theory shows that space, matter (energy) and time are interrelated parts of the universe such they can not exist separately. It also shows that time is an integral property of the universe that can have a beginning. Furthermore the beginning of time must coincide with the beginning of space and matter and Genesis 1:1 is consistent with this.

Moving Things with Force

Force is that which causes a free body to undergo acceleration.

There are four fundamental  forces in Nature. Gravity which is the mutual attraction of all matter in the universe it is what holds you to the Earth.  Electromagnetism which is the mutual attraction and repulsion of charged partials. The weak nuclear force is that which regulates types of nuclear decay such as Bata decay by overcoming the strong nuclear force. The strong nuclear force is the binding force that holds the atomic nucleus together against the tendency of positively charged protons.

Force causes mater to accelerate which is the main function of force by definition. It can be used to overcome other forces such as friction gravity. Force also holds things together since the electromagnetic force holds an object together including your body and the strong nuclear force holds atomic nuclei together. It can break things apart such as bombs or the force resulting from ramming two things together which can cause them to shatter and the peaces to fly apart.

Regardless of its source force causes acceleration. Force can also stop acceleration by resisting another force. Force holes thing together so force does indeed bind us together so it looks like Ben Kenobi got it partly right. Force makes our existence possible.

The Interpretations of Quantum Physics

The following interpretations are theories to explain what is really going on behind Quantum Mechanics. Each theory has unique basic concepts and they are not necessarily mutually exclusive since there is some overlap of concepts.

Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment involving placing a cat in a sealed box with a vile of poison that would kill the cat if broken, a radioactive material and a gaiter counter set to drop a hammer on the vile of poison if it detects a radiometric decay event. The cat is later observed it is found to be ether alive or dead and each these interpretation has a different description of the state of the cat before it is observed.

Accirding to the Copenhagen interpretation a quantum particle does not in any one state but exists in all of it’s possible states at once. A soon as a quantum particle is observed it is essentially forced into one of the possible states and that is the state that is actually observed. Since it may be forced into a different state each time is why quantum particles behave erratically. The state of a particle being in all possible states at once is called an object's coherent superposition. When an object is observe the superposition collapses the object is forced into one of the states of its wave function. Schrödinger's cat i s seen as both dead and alive at the same time until actually observed. Ultimately the only thing that really matters are the experimental results it does not really seek to explain what it happening behind the experimental results. Currently it is the most popular interpretation, but it is losing ground.

The consistent histories interpretation was put forward by Robert Griffiths in 1984. It works backwards from the result of an experiment and says that only a few possible histories are consistent with quantum mechanics and that Quantum mechanics simply predicts the probabilities of various alternative histories Schrödinger's cat is either alive or dead but not  both Quantum mechanics just gives the probability of which it may be. This idea is not very popular because it still doesn't explain how a particle can go through two slits and interfere with itself and it is considered by some to be pretty much the same as Copenhagen.

The Transactional interpretation quantum mechanical waves as stand waves in space time that constructively interfere were the particle is  and destructively interfere every place else. These waves go both forward and backward in time. There is an "exact canceling" of waves so that is no "net" energy travels backwards in time. In the case of Schrödinger's cat tt is alive until the interference patterns line up in the sample to result in a decay event.

The Bohm interpretation or pilot-wave theory as it is also called depicts the quantum wave guides the particle. It is totally deterministic and good at explaining quantum phenomenon but requires a large number of hidden variables that can not be directly measured. The hidden variables have the side affect of rendering the interpretation untestable. Schrödinger's cat is alive until one the pilot-waves in the sample to causes a decay event.

The many-worlds interpretation sees the world as constantly splitting off into multiple universes in which every possible quantum event occurs. This fits perfectly with Evolution even the most improbable events occurred in some of these universes. With Schrödinger's cat the universe keeps spitting off into each alternative in one the cat lives and in the other dies. They both happen in different quantum universes. There is no evidence for it since the alterative worlds would be forever out of reach. While quantum interference between adjacent worlds has been suggested, the possible evidence for it. Successful interpretation of single particle interference is not unique to the Many-worlds interpretation. So acceptance of this interpretation is purely philosophical and not scientific since it can not be tested.

With the consciousness causes collapse interpretation consciousness causes collapses the quantum mechanical waves as a resuly of observation. There is supporting evidence for this though the evidence is not exclusive to this interpretation. It is compatible with General Intelligent Design as well.  This supporting evidence comes from the human brain. It turns out that synaptic activity in the brain requires quantum tunneling on demand. This shows some degree of control by the mind of quantum wave functions.  Thus view works with both New Age / Hinduism, and the Christian world view. With New Age / Hinduism it provides a way for the mind to interact with the world beyond the five senses. With the Christian world view, since God is the ultimate mind it provides a model for his interaction with our world.  Schrödinger's cat would be both alive and dead until observed then the mind of the observer would collapse the wave function choosing one or the other. It is similar to the Copenhagen interpretation in this regard.

General Intelligent Design also known as General Grand Unification (GGU) sees the waves and their collapse results from intelligent agents that determine the states resulting from the waves' collapse. These intelligent agents could be one or more intelligent beings or mechanisms preprogrammed by an intelligent being.  This is supported by evidence of synaptic activity in the brain requiring quantum tunneling on demand showing some degree of intelligent control of quantum wave functions. This interpretation fits well with the Christian world view. The idea of an intelligence controlling the universe at its fundamental level fits well with God as described in the Bible. In the case of Schrödinger's cat, the cat is a live until the controlling intelligent agent decides to cause a decay event to takes place and then the cat dies.

Theew is a demonstraitablre relationship between the mind and Quantum Mechanics that provides evidence in support for the last two interpretations consciousness causes collapse and General Intelligent Design. It turns out that the synaptic barriers of dendrite brain cells are too thick for nerve signals to classically cross. This means that nerve signals need to use Quantum tunneling to cross the dendrite synaptic barrier. The odds of the nerve signal tunneling across the dendrite synaptic barrier are 1 chance in  10,000,000,  Yet for our brains to function these tunneling events need to occur on demand this is evidence for the mind being able to control quantum phenomenon and against the naturalistic model of the mind as well.

In conclusion there are many ways of interpreting Quantum Mechanics. Acceptance or rejection of each often has more to do with philosophy than science. each fits better with some philosophical views than others and each interpretation differs in how it sees the fundamental nature of reality.

Matter in Physics

Matter:is anything that has mass and occupies volume. It is the general term for the substance of which all physical objects are made. Mass is in the generally sense it is the amount of matter in an object. It is the term for two properties of matter that are equal in value: inertial mass gravitational mass. Inertial Mass is the resistance of a body to acceleration when responding to force. Gravitational Mass is  the property of an object that determines the strength of its gravitational field and its reaction to gravity.

The existence of a relationship between the inertial and gravitational mass of an object is evident from the fact that they have same the value. However General Relativity shows that inertial and gravitational mass are two aspects of the same thing. Special Relativity shows that an objects mass is equivalent to the amount of energy an object contains.

There are three main states of matter with distinctions based on differences in bulk properties. They form a triad with each one able change directly to the other two. Other forms are called states exist but they mainly are variations of these three. Solids have a definite volume and definite shape. Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape. Gas has no definite volume or shape. Plasma is commonly called the fourth State of Matter. It is an ionized gas where electrons have been freed their atoms; usually by heat. It is mainly an extreme form of gas with all defining characteristics of a gas that is no definite volume or shape. It is the most common form of normal matter.

Normal Matter is composed of atoms. Atoms are a nucleus; made of protons and neutrons; with electrons around it. This form of matter in what we commonly experience. Matter makes up everything around us, everything we see, everything we touch and even our bodies.

Matter is one of the three main parts of the Universe Space, Time and Mass. (matter) Relativity shows them to be inter-related in that space and time are so interrelated that they form a single entity called space-time. Furthermore mass warps space-time forming gravity and the motion of mass contracts both space and time. In common experience matter is what makes up objects around us and Physics has shown that it to be a lot more. Matter is a fundamental part of the universe.

Motion in Physics How it Moves

Motion is the change in an object’s location of with respect to time.

Strait line motion is the most basic form of motion involving strait ling notion with no force involved thus no acceleration and a constant velocity. Circular motion is motion around a central point it results from a force being applied to an object at a right angle to the objects motion such as gravity keeping a satellite in orbit is a good example.

Relativity theory shows that all motion is relative since it can only be measured relative to a given observer. These measurements are also reversible such that if I see someone moving a given direction at a given speed, he sees me going the opposite direction at the same speed.

Motion is describes the changing of location of an object. Motion can be both strait and curved. It can only be described relative to a chosen point of reference. Motion is how we get from place to place.

Quantization of Quantum Mechanics

Quantization is the situation where physical quantities such as position, energy and momentum can only have certain discrete values. In free empty space these values are continuous but if a particle is bound to an area of space these properties can only have certain discrete values. The energy contained in a given frequency of electromagnetic waves is quantized in that it always has the same value at the same frequency. The electromagnetic energy is found in discrete packet called photons.

The quantization of the energy of an electron inside an atom explains much of the behavior of atoms such as why atoms emit only discrete frequencies of light. An electron that is in a low orbit of an atom can absorb a photon causing the electron  to jump to a higher orbit. The electron then emits a photon jumping back to the lower orbit.

The quantization of space-time is based on two of Max Planck’ natural units that are based on five universal physical constants: Gravitational constant, Reduced Planck constant, Speed of light in a vacuum, Coulomb constant, and Boltzmann's constant  The two with physical significance are Planck Length and Planck Time are the smallest possible measurements of space-time according our current understanding of the laws of Physics because of the  uncertainty principle when a plied to these scales. This suggests that time and space themselves are Quantized.

Planck Length is the smallest measurement of length that has any meaning with in the laws of physics as we understand them today. The value of Planck Length is1.616 252 × 10⁻³⁵ m

Planck Time is the amount of time it takes a photon to cross a Planck Length. It is the smallest measurement of time that has any meaning with in the laws of physics as we understand them today. The value of Planck Time is 5.391 24 × 10⁻⁴⁴ s

Quantization requires physical quantities like position, energy and momentum to have discrete values explaining much of what goes on in side atom and based on our current understanding of the laws of physics it suggest that time and space are quantized.

Quantum Nonlocality its every ware

Quantum Nonlocality is the phenomenon by which measurements made at a subatomic level necessarily refutes the notions of local realism. The basic principle is that particles of matter are not restricted to local interactions. They can have interactions outside their local system with no limit on distance.

A cording to Bell's Theorem developed by John Stewart Bell shows that no physical theory of local hidden variables can ever reproduce all of the predictions of Quantum Mechanics. This does leave open the possibility of non-local hidden variables.

The implications are that subatomic particles clearly exhibit non-local behavior showing that our notions of location do not apply at the fundamental levels of reality. Quantum Nonlocality creates a link between the physical and metaphysical.

Quantum Entanglement: Spook Action at a Distance

Quantum Entanglement is a phenomenon in which the quantum states of two or more objects have to be described with reference to each other, even though the individual objects may be separated in space. Einstein called it “Spook action at a distance”  This results in a correlation between the observable physical properties of the systems such that a change in one object causes an instantaneous change in the other.

Because of Special Relativity  it is generally thought that classical information from being sent faster than light by this means. This is because the two particles need to be near each other to become entangled, or they need an intermediate particle, which has to be near one particle and then the other. But this would not prevent  the possibility of sending information faster than light in cases where the sender and receiver were originally near each other and then separated such as s apace ship leaving Earth and using such a means for communications. Quantum entanglement is a quantum effect that has no parallel in Classical mechanics.

Quantum Tunneling from Quantum Mechanics

Quantum tunneling is the process by which a particle gets across a barrier that it can not classically pass. Quantum Tunneling is related to Wave-particle duality because it results from the wave nature of a particle. The probability of the particle getting through the barrier drops exponentially with the thickness of the barrier.

When the wave comes in contact with the barrier most of it bounces off the carrier but a small amount passes through the barrier; but that amount decays exponentially with the thickness of the barrier.  Such that the amplitude of the initial wave increases then the amplitude of the wave on the opposite side of the barrier increases. If the barrier thickness increases, the amplitude of the wave on the opposite side of the barrier decreases. If the energy of the initial wave increases, (wavelength decreases) the amplitude of the wave on the opposite side of the barrier increases. If the waves energy greater than that of the barrier it will all pass through the barrier. With a longer wavelength For particles most of them bounce off while a few instantly get through.

Quantum tunneling is theoretically valid at the macroscopic but the odds of it occurring are extremely small. For example there is a non zero probability that you could run your car into a brick wall an suddenly find yourself safely on the other side. However please don’t try it because the odds that it will happen are so small as to be impossible by any reasonable definition.

Tunneling gets subatomic particles across barriers they normally can not cross. The number of particles that gets across the barrier drops exponentially with the barrier thickness. The number of particles that gets across the barrier increases with the energy of the particle. Quantum tunneling is a purely quantum effect. It has no counter part in Classical mechanics. It could theoretically occur on the macroscopic scale but the odds are too small to ever see it happen.