The claim that chimpanzee and human genomes are 98% the same has been repeated so off then that most people take it as fact. However not only can this claim be shown to be erroneous by virtue of the fact that chimps have a larger genome with an additional chromosome than humans, It turns out this 98% us based on a part of the two genomes that are the most similar and more recent studies show the differences are much greater.
The result is an overall 70% similarity between the two genomes this means that there is a whopping 30% differences. This is 15 times the 2% difference of the claim 98% similar claim. As result the chimpanzee and human genomes are far more different than commonly claimed. This difference also goes against the idea the Humans have a common ancestor with chimps since the mutation rate would have to be way too high for genetic viability. This is yet another genetic nail in the coffin in General Evolution theory and idea that humans came into existence by any form of evolution.
The Information Universe actually makes parallel universes quite easy, since any other information based Universes could simply be other programs that run in parallel to our own. Such parallel universes would have there own time such that you could spend a day in another universe and then come home find 1000 years or more had passed. In addition you could spend years in another universe and then come home to find that no time at had passed here. This may be one area where C.S Lewis may have gotten it right in Chronicles of Narnia.
Now these parallel universes would most likely not be near duplicates of this one except for a few differences, but they would likely be totally different. If you went to one, you not find a copy of yourself that has a different life but it would be radically different assuming that you could survive there.
It would also be potentially possible that information could be transferred between such universes allowing for travel between them or even the ghostly image of some one in one universe to be seen in another. Places like heaven and hell could even be such parallel universes.
Now it needs to be clear that the Information Universe does not require these parallel universes to exist but it does require that some form of ultimate reality to exist outside our universe where the programming creator of our universe (God) can would exist, this would be what the Bible calls Eternity.
So other information based universes could easily exist but running parallel to ours. They could even effectively occupy the same space as ours since space is ultimately a mathematical entity. Time in each universe could be totally different or they could run in exact parallel to each other. While the Information Universe does not require other information based universes to exist it does require one ultimate reality to exist.
Geophysics is the study in physics of the Earth and its
environment in space. Geophysics mainly includes studies of the Earth's shape;
gravitational field, magnetic field, internal structure, internal composition,
plate tectonics, generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation.
Some times it includes the hydrological cycle; fluid
dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the
ionosphere and magnetosphere; solar-terrestrial interaction; and similar
problems on the Moon and other planets.
Geophysics is at its hart the application of the principles
of physics to the Earth and in more recent years other planetary bodies. As we
expand our knowledge of worlds other than the Earth this expansion is natural.
It is really only cultural inertia with in the scientific community that keeps
it from being changed to planetary physics.
There are four areas of geophysics that are of importance to
origins, in particular they show problems with the idea of an old Earth.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the phenomenon where by an unstable atomic nucleus emits ionizing radiation causing the nucleus to loses energy and rest mass. Radioactivity causes about 80% of the Earth's internal heat, with the main isotopes being potassium40,
uranium238, uranium235, and thorium232. While
there are many types of nuclear decay there are two main ones found in nature,
Alpha decay and Negative Bata decay.
In
alpha decay the nucleus ejects an alpha particle. An alpha particle is a helium
atomic nucleus consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. The process reduces the
atomic number of atom by 2 changing the element.
In negative Beta decay a neutron emits a Beta particle and an electron
anti-neutrino to become a proton. Beta particles are actually negatively
charged electrons. This process increases the atomic number of the nucleus by
one.
For collections of radioactive nuclei there is a characteristic decay rate
which is usually designated by the isotopes half-life which is the time needed
for half of the isotope to decay. This half-life is independent of the amount
of the present isotope because the more atoms of the parent isotope there are
the more nuclei will decay in a given unit of time. Nuclear decay is often used
in determining the age of a sample however there are assumptions involved in
the process. It is especially assumed that the half-life of an isotope is
constant.
Accelerated Nuclear Decay is the process by which nuclear decay proceeds at
a faster rate than normal. Now small amounts of accelerated nuclear decay have
been observed in Bata-decay under some circumstances. While accelerated alpha
decay has never been directly observed evidence for it exists in the retention
of radiogenic helium by zircon crystals. Accelerated Nuclear Decay would look
identical to normal decay but faster. The main argument against the hypothesis
that the retention of radiogenic helium by zircon crystals shows substantial
accelerated alpha decay is heat. The other common argument is the lack of an
observed cause of accelerated alpha decay. However there are theoretical
answers to both objections. The real reason for resistance to the hypothesis
that the retention of radiogenic helium by zircon crystals shows substantial
accelerated alpha decay is the fact that it would drastically reduce
radiometric ages. However none of these arguments change the fact that measured
helium diffusion rates in zircon crystals are a perfect match to a model
showing accelerated alpha decay about six thousand years ago.
Plate Tectonics
The Earth’s crust is divided into segments called plates. These plates are
not fixed but they slowly move over the mantel. Where the plates meet they
interact in three main ways sliding, spreading and subduction. Subduction is
seen as the driving mechanism of Plate Tectonics. When these plates interact
the results are Earth quakes and volcanoes.
Plate Tectonics got its start in a book published by Antonio
Snider-Pellegrini in 1859 called La Création et ses mystères dévoilés
(The Creation and its Mysteries Unveiled). He proposed that all of the
continents were once connected together based discovering the same plant
fossils in both Europe and the United
States. He then found this matching of
fossils on all of the continents.
He proposed that the super continent catastrophically broke up resulting in
the Flood described in Genesis the first book of the Bible. The catastrophic
nature of the process went against uniformitarianism and this early
version of plate tectonics got little support at the time. This image is from
The Creation and its Mysteries Unveiled and it shows the continents before and
after separation.
The idea of Plate Tectonics was later picked up by Alfred Wegener around
1910. He slowed down Antonio Snider's Catastrophic Plate Tectonics to make it
fit evolutionary time scales producing continual drift. This slowed down
version of Plate Tectonics became an establishment theory around 1963.
Catastrophic Plate Tectonics was revived by Dr. John R. Baumgardner in the 1990's
with support from computer modeling of the Earth's interior.The result is a
Scientific description of the Genesis Flood. Modern Catastrophic Plate
Tectonics is basically plate tectonics on over drive.
Geomagnetism
Geomagnetism is the study of the Earth’s magnetic field. It includes the
study of the magnetic fields of other planetary bodies as well. The Earth
magnetic field is tilted about 11 degrees relative to its rotational axis. At
present the magnitude of the Earth magnetic field at the Earth's surface ranges
from 0.25 to 0.65 gauss. The Earth’s magnetic field is produced by an electric
current in the core. However measurements since 1900 have shown a net loss of
field energy of about 5% which is equivalent to a half-life of 1465 years.
The dominant model used to solve this problem called the dynamo theory. The
idea is that the current that produces planetary magnetic fields is generated
by a self sustaining dynamo, powered by the planet's spin. The result is complex
currents in the planets core that causes the field to fluctuate from time to
time, and reversing itself. In the case of the Earth this is thought to occur
about every 500 - 700 thousand years.
From U.S.
Geological Survey: This Dynamic Earth
This theory is illustrated in this manner with dark areas showing the
present magnetic field direction and light areas show reverse magnetic field
direction. It shows these nice neat strips across the ocean floor, as produced
by the theory.
From U.S.
Geological Survey: This Dynamic Earth
In Reality the pattern is not so neat and regular, in fact the tendency is
for the positive and negative areas to be mixed up and this is the case all
over the world. It gets worse when you look vertically where negative and
positive are one on top of the other. Actual data seem to be inconsistent with
uniformitarian theory, but is consistent with: a rapid spreading coupled with
rapid magnetic reversals, a stretching with cracking and a single reversal,
temporary local magnetic reversals, and reversals resulting from stress in the
rocks.
There are other problems with the dynamo theory. Life would periodically be
exposed to deadly solar radiation. It can not explain the existence of the
magnetic field of Mercury. It rotates too slowly to have a self sustaining
dynamo and so it should not have a magnetic field. Furthermore Mercury’s
magnetic field is decaying and quit rapidly.
It can not explain the orientation of the magnetic fields of, Uranus and
Neptune. The magnetic axis of each planet is tilted about 60 degrees, with
respect to the rotation axis, so that the magnetic poles are near the equator.
Further more the source of each planet's field is offset from the center, by
about one third of a planetary radius. According to the dynamo theory, the
magnetic and rotation axes should nearly always be closely aligned.
Dynamic Decay Theory was developed by Dr. Russell Humphreys; a physicist
with the Institute for Creation Research. It uses an alignment of the magnetic fields
of the planet's molecules, to jump start the planets magnetic field. It
includes fluctuations and possibly even reversals during and shortly after the
Genesis Flood thus explaining the mixed up magnetic patterns. Projecting back
in time based on magnetic field energy, gives a maximum age for the Earth of
8,700 years.
Dynamic Decay Theory explains the origin of planetary and stellar magnetic
fields. The orientation of the magnetic fields of. Uranus and Neptune, both the
tilted of about 60 degrees with respect to the rotation axis and the field's
source being about one third of a planetary radius offset from the center. The
existence of the magnetic field of Mercury, since the field's source is a
decaying and the current in its core can not related to spin. Measurements by
the Messenger space craft have confirmed that Mercury’s magnetic field is
decaying as predicted by Dynamic Decay. The residual magnetism on the Moon and
Mars, despite the lack of a planetary magnetic fields. The strength for the magnetic
fields of Uranus, Neptune, and the 4 large
moons of Jupiter; all fall with in the range predicted by Dynamic Decay Theory.
Lunar Recession
One aspect of Geophysics that gets little attention for its degree of
importance is the recession of moon. That’s right moon is slowly getting
farther away and slowing the Earth’s rotation in the process. It was first
discovered following the Apollo moon landings by bouncing laser off reflectors
left behind by astronauts. These reflectors were designed to accurately measure
the Earth / Moon distance. The results showed that the moon is getting further
away at a rate of 1.5 inches or 3.82 cm per year. Furthermore a day is getting
longer by 1.7 milliseconds per day per century.
Backwards projection based on the observed slowing of the Earth's rotation
A backwards projection of the number of days in a year based on forces acting
on Moon and Earth.
This a backwards projection of the distance of the moon based on forces acting
on Moon and Earth
Tis is a backwards projection ofthe
observed slowing of the Earth's rotation and lunar recession data. The
current data is simply plugged into the laws of physics. The result is that the
Moon would have been locked in Geosynchronous orbit around the Earth 1.25
billion years ago. This is far short of the 4.5 billion years commonly given
for the age of the Earths suggesting that the Earth-Moon system can not be any
where near 4.5 billion years old.
The problem is understood by the proponents of a 4.5 billion year old
Earth and several solution have been proposed. The problem is that
paleontological data claimed as evidence for longer days in the past does not
fit with any possible model that allows 4.5 billion years The ultimate
response seems to be that the Earth-Moon system is too complicated to get
accurate results form such calculations. This is essentially admitting that the
problem can not be solve for an Earth-Moon system that is 4.5 billion years
old. Which is exactly what would be the case if the Earth-Moon system were
indeed much younger than 4.5 billion years.
Huge-LQG is the largest structure ever observed in the universe. It is a group of quasars in the constellation Leo a whopping 4 billion light years long. This is not only the largest structure ever observed in the universe but it defies the Cosmological Principle. The Cosmological Principle is the assumption is cosmology that on the large scale the Universe is largely the same every place such that we are not in a special place in the universe. The Cosmological Principle has never been proven but had been generally assumed to be true by evolutionary cosmologists because it is so improbable that we would be in a special place in the Universe that is it implies intelligent design in Universe, which goes against absolute naturalism.
Huge-LQG is 1,600 times larger than the 2 million light years between un and the Andromeda Galaxy, the nearest large galaxy to the Milky way. The reason that Huge-LQG is a problem for the cosmological principles that it requires the universe to be homogeneous on the large scale such that the universe will look eventually the same from any location. Earlier calculations had indicated that the maximum size possible for a structure in the universe to be can be about 370Mpc. At 423Mpc long, the Sloan Great Wall, discovered in 2003 is just barely consistent with the Cosmological Principle. How ever Huge-LQG is estimated at 1240 mega-parsecs (4 billion light-years) by 640 Mpc and a mass of 6.1 X1018 solar masses making it three times too long longer and two times too wide for Cosmological Principle. When you include the fact that Huge-LQG is unique in the universe is sufficient to effectively disprove the Cosmological Principle.
Because the Cosmological Principle is a central assumption of the Big Bang Cosmology this discovery is also a problem for the Big Bang. It is amazing just to see the Cosmological Principle actually being question. It needs be noted that Creationists have been challenging the Cosmological Principle for years because when one starts with "In the beginning God," the idea that we are in a special place in the Universe is not longer likely but expected. So Creation Cosmologies predict the existence of something like Huge-LQG.
